Article: “The dollar is out of state control: Who runs the parallel market in Iraq?”
Quote: “This reveals that the dollar crisis in Iraq is, at its core, a crisis of control, trust, and structure, not merely a reserve crisis. The state still possesses money, but it does not fully control its flow within the economy. Banks still exist, but they have not yet transformed into a reliable and credible channel for society and commerce. The parallel market remains ‘unofficial,’ but it effectively performs a formal function in pricing and providing rapid access to foreign currency. Therefore, the question of who controls the parallel market in Iraq cannot be answered by a single name or entity.” : Clare
