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Within the Iraqi Financial Economics: Banking Business with the overall provision in light of the critical dystopia
Date: 05/02/2016 D.mark de Weaver
What the Iraqi reports of the Institute for Regional and International Studies ( IIR )?
Iraqi provide reports of the Institute for Regional and International Studies (IIR) analysis on the ground of the most pressing issues in Iraq. It aims to supplement and expert research and analysis Court on Iraq policy decision
These reports unique to being manufactured in Iraq, based on field work in the country as well as open Iraqi reports of the Institute for Regional and International Studies, is the brainchild of both “Ahmed Ali” and “Christine Van Den Torn” and both have years of experience in research and writing about Iraq and the Kurdistan region in Iraq.
As is the case in many economies that are in the case of an existing conflict or post Banking and finance is not available to everyone with the exception of major companies that bank financing is limited to only a short drag facilities.
While checks are often used between companies within the same city, and controlled transfer of money through money transfer is paper or through money transfer payment system companies. Most Iraqi families do not have a bank account, people who have financial savings keep them mostly in bundles of cash in US currency (dollar) in special cabinets.
That case put huge restrictions on the financial system because they practically exclude the role of the banking system with partial reserve.
The business model for the Iraqi institutions are quite different from those of banks in developed countries, normally reserved for a small amount of the deposit base as reserves in the form of money saved in the bank or in the form of a reserve account at the Central Bank, and most of the money that has been deposited easy withdrawn, because depositors money is likely to withdraw small amounts of this money at any time.
The private banks and money transfer companies that serve the cash economy in Iraq is not able to work the same banks in developed countries the way. Civil banks are subject to the withdrawal of huge amounts of money quantity and unexpected depositors , whether individually or collectively,
and the money transfer companies are not receiving financial deposits at all, and as a result, the financial system has become in Iraq to achieve the bank reserve schemes is miserable, those schemes proposed by scientists that Austrian economy as a means to eliminate the investment cycles of the boom and bust ” 1 .
This is similar to a large extent , ” the perfect model of the financial system in a free society” proposed by Huerta de Soto , where the deposit reserve support 100%, and the banking system is free (irregular) and the freedom to choose the currency.
While all privately owned banks in Iraq does not possess the proportion percent percent of their deposits of cash, and those deposits listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange (ISX) were cash deposits ratio which combined stands at 97% at the end of 2014, a very high figure compared with their counterparts from the states.
At the system level, the total transfer of funds and money held in private lockers companies equivalent to the banking system with the overall reserve in which there are different entities responsible for the functions of booking and payment.
The money transfer companies is an example of the ideal of the model (free banking system) due to the lack of systems to interfere in their field and influenced “Karma” on their discipline at work dramatically. Finally, the dollarization (the Iraqi currency is converted to the US dollar) partial economy process that allows great freedom for Iraqis in handling currency.
It is important implications for the deposit reserve percent percent is that demand deposits are not available to fund the loans, which must be covered by the central bank. For the Austrians, this is undesirable because it precludes the possibility that the banks in money creation that will investment boom fueled by credit, and in fact this is not a problem in Iraq.
The events in Iraq , which led to increased investment ratio is the result of high oil prices and not the result of excess credit. ” 2
In reality it is not so, as Iraqis complain sometimes that of the overall reserve accounts or cupboards are not available to the economy, “real.” Regardless of the form it takes money, it does not “flow” in material goods. As trade and investment Tqoman not change the way the transfer of funds into commodities, as they are simply converted from buyers to sellers. Cash plays the same role in the payments system, regardless of whether they are available or not available to be pulled. It does not stand idle all.
What makes the reality of Iraq bitter is not a monetary utopia proposed by Huerta de Soto and other Austrian economists that policy, it is the absence of the rule of law, the absence of effective control over the banks lead to uncertainty depositors money that their money in a safe place, which makes it difficult for the banks to be a protector of money its customers.
In a country where the armed robbery of the longer daily events has led to a rise in related guarding the money transfer transaction costs. Without reliable implementation of the contracts it is impossible for financial intermediation to take place through the Consolidated Investment Funds which Austrians claim that it is possible to be a substitute for bank loans in the destruction of the reserve system. Instead, it must average funding and long The best that can be achieved is through the “special orders” in the absence of reliable government department.
As for the remainder of this report, it shows how the banking business with the comprehensive provision has become a basic rule in the private sector in Iraq and explore some of the implications of the policy The first part explains why mile Iraqi private sector banks to hold higher levels of reserves to deposits than their counterparts from developed countries despite the absence of any formal conditions to support the overall reserve.
The second part of it shows the possibility that companies will allow the transfer of funds to the private sector who have the money to control the role played by the deposits usually in the payments system, allowing for those who keep their money in private that serve as a kind of “domestic reserve stores.” Part III looks at the central bank and explain the reason for the lack of effectiveness of traditional monetary policy and prudential oversight, and anti Finally, Part IV concludes with a “second
1. The provision of comprehensive banking business as a last resort 3
While the CBI asked (CIB) that private banks dominate the deposits as a reserve by 15%, but most of them are tightly controlled and deposits by 50%. Unlike foreign banks, the cash and equivalent, not loans, is one of the largest private Iraqi banks’ assets as if it is an achievement for private banks that it has become one of the most liquid financial institutions in the world.
Valennzer to the six banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange (ISX) as the senior shares holders were foreign banks and to the end of 2014 (see Figure 1). Cash deposits of 9% ranged to 28% of the bank sponsor in exchange for 49% to 121% of the branches of the bank and the financial assets covering 86% of the deposit. As for the banks mentioned and dominant locally, the figure was even higher for up to 105%.
Figure 1. ratios of cash deposits in the banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange to foreign banks sponsoring at year-end 2014, from left to right: Burgan Bank (Kuwait-based), Ahli United Bank) based in Bahrain (, bank HSBC, Qatar National Bank, Capital Bank) based in Jordan (and the National Bank of Kuwait. (Note that the HSBC bank had sold the entire stake at a later date in favor of the Bank of Dar es Salaam).
Bank managers will tell you in Iraq that they are going to need the money to meet the needs huge unexpected withdrawals by customers who deposited money. But this applies to all banks in the world. Why should money lenders Iraqis to have financial liquidity is greater than their counterparts in other countries?
That their behavior does not seem so strange when you consider the fact that Iraq lacks the work of the inter He can usually banks experiencing financial liquidity borrowing from another bank has a surplus of money. As long as the bonds provided by customer do not change, Vshab money from the bank (a) turns into a deposit in the bank (b) ensuring that the amount requested from the bank (a) can easily be available in the short term.
In Iraq, one of the banks’ exposure to the shortage of liquidity would have theoretically to borrow from the Central Bank of Iraq. This is even more disturbing than the possibility of borrowing from another commercial bank alternative, however, it did not happen on the ground. When you feel the institutions in developed countries, it will be in trouble, it will be still able to reach the money in the inter
However, the central bank is the lender and the organizer of the movement of other banks alike, as it will not provide financial liquidity to those who pay the largest amount regardless of the circumstances, and this is especially true for the Central Bank of Iraq, which lacks the powerful forces of the control of the monetary authorities in the states other. That’s what makes it easy to be exploited by reputable commercial banks.
Of course, all of the raises the question: did no market between banks in the first place? Is not that the central bank is capable of putting a system that allows banks to provide short It seems that the problem is partly a result of the dominant role of the government to the banks in the state, which together account for the vast majority of the deposits on the scope of the system.
Without their participation, the idea of inter There would be no guarantee that at the end of a specific day not to private banks combined fiscal deficit is exposed while the state In a market where private banks only participate in it, there may be a bank has excess funds, but it will not be enough to meet the demand of those banks that suffered financial deficits.
So why government Unfortunately, this will be a good thing, a move into similar to companies owned by the state in general, these banks can always count on being bailed out if exposed to problems. This means that the inter It will be the inevitable result of an increase in non
There could be a possibility that the amounts that have been withdrawn in a given day will return to the banking system in the form of new deposits, it has kept the money at home instead. That may be true, for example, which through the control of the organization of the Islamic State crisis in the north
The need to keep money in the bank lockers and reserves of central banks, of course, indicates that the main work in the private banks can not be lending money medium or long Instead, their activities are limited largely to foreign exchange and transfer of funds and the provision of an overdraft facility and letters of credit for importers and performance bonds for building contractors. As economists Austrians imagined case of destruction Reserve banks, the loans rarely exceed the shareholders’ rights.
In most countries, the bank that holds more than half of its deposits in cash it is considered a bank with a very bad management. In Iraq, it is quite the opposite, a few banks that have the cash they are at risk of failure. An example of this is the Warka Bank, one of the worst cases of bank failures in Iraq in recent years.
The Warka Bank occupied in the past, first in terms of total assets, but the CBI has seized it was canceled from the list of joint venture banks in the stock market in 2011. The lost cash deposits, which amounted to 79% in 2009 to 12% at the end of the second quarter decreased for the year 2010 which is not alarming level in accordance with international standards, but it is something fatal in Iraq and by the second quarter of 2011, when he published another bank’s financial statements, the percentage dropped to only 1%.
2 – transfer of funds and “domestic companies reserve “
Play money transfer companies, known as remittances in Arabic, a major role in the transfer of funds between Iraqi and international cities. Because their profits depend entirely through remittances and foreign exchange trading. Some banks are rarely used, and keep most or all of their money in the form of banknotes. Others have greater relationships with local financial institutions, as well as those who deal with the major shareholders who bind them personal connections.
These companies tend to exist in popular markets, which often occupy modest buildings markets and contain those offices on the table and money counting machine, and a couple of chairs and a table. While these offices are modest show, but they operate largely outside the formal financial system, they are involved in a very complex global financial network similar to a large extent with those used for the treatment of commercial banking transactions.
For example, the average daily trading volume in the medium
Contrary to what many think, the process of converting the money does not include an actual transfer of money. When a sender to give money to a company transforming financial aid (a), the (a) to send instructions to a company in another place, Flandaoha (b), which will ask them to provide money to the receiver, who would have to carry some kind of identification and password .
Therefore, the money never moves it is a simple process that will end the company (a) will have an increase in the cash balance of the company and (b) will have a lack of balance.
Studies focusing on international financial transfers such as offices Bacz (2003) and Schaefer (2008) and Maembo (2013) on the role of the actual transfer of funds Goods negotiable or transfer funds between bank deposits to influence the settlements between the transfer of funds or companies.
He says Mbrana in popular markets in Sulaimaniya, said that the majority of the outstanding balances have not been resolved in this way, but through the book
In the simplest case, the lack of balance between the sender and the receiver may be reflected through the transfer of funds at a later date from the company (b) to the company (a). If the company (b) the transfer of funds to the company (a) the fiscal deficit of the (b) can be terminated when it receives the money from the client, while the surplus (a) may disappear when it pays the money to the person who will receive the money.
Of course, incoming and outgoing transfers rarely compensate for each other in this way. In the more realistic case, the settlement between money transfer companies include many parties. Let us assume that (b) the amount of debt of $ 25 (a) is the sum of net transfers of (b) to (a).
At the same time, perhaps the company (o) the debt amount of $ 15 (b) and the company (r) by the religion of the amount $ 10 from (b), and (o) the debt amount of $ 8 from (r), and (a ) by Dean Mekdrah of $ 25 (o) (see Figure 2). The settlement between these companies could be as follows:
1. cancel the company (a) its debt of $ 25 with (b).
2. cancel the company (b) debt of $ 15 and $ 10 with (o) and (p).
3. cancel the company’s (r) debt of $ 8 with (Q).
4. cancel the company (o) of its debt with the $ 25 (a).
Figure 2. multilateral filter between money transfer companies
It’s easy to see how this way if we take into account the impact on each money transfer company separately:
1. The company is no longer (a) condemns the amount of $ 25 for the company (Q) is no longer worth the amount of the company’s $ 25 (b).
~~~
- The company is no longer (b) condemns the amount of $ 25 for the company (a) is no longer worth a total of $ 15 = $ +10 $ 25 from each of the company (Q) and company (r).3. The company is no longer (Q) condemns the sum total of $ + 15 $ 8 = $ 23 from each of the (b) and (r) is no longer worth the amount of the company’s $ 25 (a). Based on that, it will remain the amount of $ 25
- The company is no longer (p) condemns the amount of $ 10 for the company (b) is no longer worth the amount of $ 8 from the company (Q), which remains in the debtor’s credit (r) $ 10Through these operations, it has been reduced liabilities and a system-wide total of $ 83 to just $ 2 a residual value between the two (o) and (p).
In popular markets in Sulaimaniya the intervention of mediators who settle accounts between money transfer companies. They do not deal with these intermediaries cash money, but they are trying to get a percentage of the associated committees in funds that are trying to settle conversion process. Mbrana did not hear about any company using its own capital in the debt settlement company money transfer. 4
For money transfer companies, such as (a) and (b) that begin with the existence of creditor balances equal extent and the city, the settlement is only a work of accounting entries budget. As for the physical adjustments do not occur only in cases such as those that occurred between the two (o) and (p) where there is a non Even in this case, the financial settlement will not be necessary.
Often have money transfer companies shared a small balance with each other which makes the end of the accounting registration process is possible for more than one period. To make sure that process occurs in a timely manner, the development of a joint strategy for people with debits goal is to reduce or stop transfers fully to the opposite side, and this can be achieved by raising the commission rate on the outbound or reject temporarily transfers.
Similarly, the body of a credit balance can reduce the interest rate or waive it entirely to stimulate outbound money transfers them. With the passage of time, it will reduce the imbalance to zero as the debtor will pay cash to the beneficiaries of remittances received by the creditors.
The money the ability to control the size of their transactions transfer companies, which means that these companies have the ability to control cash flows are greater than the banks have to pay money to depositors while asking for it, regardless of the size of net withdrawals required.
The money transfer companies are not exposed to the same situation as in the banks, it did not have a firm enough money it could not accept any incoming transfers If you do not do it, it is possible to lose its credibility and its result, but at least will not run the risk of bankruptcy of banks.
Mbrana said that the settlement through intermediaries usually take place on a daily basis in major cities, and a week in small towns with less transaction size. The network of intermediaries constitute an international scope, even financial settlements between the local money transfer companies could be settled in regional centers such as Dubai and Istanbul, or even in some cases as far afield as Shanghai and Beijing.
We can get an idea of the relative importance of networks of brokers outside of the annual report issued by the United Arab company ‘s financial converter (MTUA) is the fourth largest of the fourteen companies registered in the Iraq Stock Exchange in terms of revenue.
Figure 3 shows the amounts due from eight foreign correspondents, which represent a total of 39%. 5
Figure 3. Receivables company transforming the United Arab funds due from the foreign correspondent at the end of 2014 , as one might expect, the funds located in regional financial centers have contributed to transforming companies more after Western Union company , which has extensive operations in Iraq.
The site refers Western Union – mail to the existence of 75 centers to transfer money in Iraq, 8 of which are branches of the United Arab company to transfer funds in Baghdad.
The money transfer companies similar to banks, not only in their work Kmtahda payments system but also the bringers of short It is not only effective to grant loans to the money transfer company corresponding with which it shares payable balances owed, but can also finance the transfers issued to known customers a service that may be similar to bank overdraft facilities in the clouds.
She said one of the transfer of funds in the popular market companies in Sulaimaniya that it can cover from 10% to 100% of the benefit of the transfer amount, without guarantees, for a period of up to ten days.
The main difference between the companies and the banks money transfer is that the former does not accept deposits, they also do not keep cash balances in funding a precondition for future remittances expected. The natural role of banks is keeping customer funds based on the same client’s desire, which may waive the Bank’s role in the control of his money when he takes the decision to move his money.
We may believe that all clients money transfer companies have the reserves and household deposits 100%. If we take this matter with the results of money transfer services firms into account, this would be the simplest forms of the banking system.
It is clear that this is not an optimal measure for most economies in the world, but one of the things successful seamlessly in the private sector in Iraq to save the collapse of economic activity in an environment where there are few effective legal guarantees or government regulations.
3. The implications for monetary policy and bank supervision
Banking business with the comprehensive provision have important implications for monetary policy and banking supervision management. In Iraq, most of the tools available to central banks and regulatory bodies which are inappropriate or ineffective in other countries, and in some cases, the application of these policies will be harmful.
For example, if we apply the interest rate policy in the country has a developed banking sector, the higher interest rates that will slow down the growth of the economy through the creation of a factor inhibitor for individuals and businesses. The lower interest rates, it will have the opposite effect.
In Iraq, such measures would not cause a big difference because of the decline in lending to the private sector ratio. They will not have much effect on the public sector, since the lack of tough budget constraints mean that lending decisions will not rely on interest rates.
The same is true of changes in required reserve deposit rate, which is one of the most successful weapons of the Central Bank in many developing countries. As for the banks covered entirely with cash reserves and deposits, they have acted in the same style of the Iraqi Central Bank on the first of September 2010 to reduce the reserve rate from 20% to 15%, which is an important event.
In Iraq, the most effective means to control the money supply is through the exchange rate control, because the money mainly arise from the conversion of the Central Bank of dollars of state oil exports to the local currency. If the central bank raised the Iraqi dinar against the US dollar, it will add an additional dinars per dollar purchased from the government. If the exchange rate has reduced the money supply growth rate will slow down.
Since the stability of the exchange rate is one of the main objectives of the Central Bank of Iraq, the use of the exchange rate for macroeconomic management was limited. In addition, the price of oil has become the main engine to display the Iraqi currency.
When the price of oil rises, it will be the Ministry of Finance more dollars to be transferred to the Iraqi dinar with the central bank. If the exchange rate stable and has not changed, the more Iraqi dinars must be provided for the purchase of which will lead to increased supply cash. Conversely, a fall in oil prices would have the opposite effect.
The prudential supervision based on the bank’s capital ratios are not suitable in the Iraqi context, too. For banks with large loans, the capital adequacy ratios (for example; core capital to risky assets) is essential because it measures the proportion of losses from bad loans.
In Iraq, these ratios are not relevant and that the common trait may be non Given that the liquidity risk and credit risk is not the main issue, it is clear that the deposit of money is the best indicator for regulators to monitor.
Based on the CBI’s policy for the Bank and the capital of the company transfer of funds on the capital levels in absolute terms. For example, I have asked all private banks to increase capital to 100 billion Iraqi dinars by the middle of 2011, and 150 billion Iraqi dinars by the middle of 2012, to 250 billion Iraqi dinars by the middle of 2013.
Similarly, the CBI has been asked lately the last of the money transfer to the capital increase to 45 billion Iraqi dinars companies. It is not clear whether it was possible to justify those policies on the basis of precaution. But it looks like an attempt to force banks to increase lending rates, and force small banks to merge with each other (which is not yet) happening as well as reducing the number of money transfer companies.
In some cases, the insistence of the Iraqi Central Bank on the capital increase led to an increase in the amount of capital at the expense of quality. It is said that most of the shareholders have used personal credit from their bank accounts in order to buy their own problem in this topic is the new shares in the absence of the customer was able to pay off their debts to the bank which will lead to the loss of the bank which affects the capital.
Similarly, the Committee on combating money laundering in the Iraqi Central Bank policy (AML) have had unintended consequences in some cases. For example in 2012, the central bank introduced new regulations require anyone who wants to buy the US currency was worth official to submit evidence showing the purpose of using that currency.
Instead of blocking the flow of illicit money to Iran and Syria, the new regulations has created a market for certified version lists special shipping Iraqi government, which can be used as a document to prove the existence of a legitimate deal to the process of converting the money. This policy led to the granting of an opportunity for government officials using official seals to make a quick buck through the seal and false documents.
It is doubtful that the Commission for the fight against money laundering will be effective in the Iraqi cash economy, when asked the banks to work to take anti Also, filling the required documents by the bank is just a waste of time. It can not be meaningful to the abolition of the role of money transfer companies. It will not be able apply the requirements of the “know your customer” for the company’s clients who deal with cash only and therefore there will be no paper trail for them.
4. Conclusion
In developed countries, the use of cash in all transactions, even the smallest one is calling for suspicion. In the United States, if someone tried to hold huge buying process using banknotes valued at $ 100, it is likely to be a criminal. Most foreign media coverage of private companies and focuses the transfer of funds as financiers of terrorism. More recently emerged growing calls for the elimination of $ 100 and 500
The realization of monetary bitter reality in Iraq allows us to see the positive side of cash, in a situation in which government measures are ineffective and regulations based on the cash economy will not be a way for terrorists and drug traffickers in the first place. It is a preparation for economic activity sector. The alternative to this would be to return to a barter economy.
The absence of a system of partial reserve in Iraqi banks is not the result of an error issued from banks or money transfer companies or their agents. It is a natural result of the dominant role of banknotes as a means of exchange.
Which has forced companies to raise capital and its insistence that it applied money laundering on the Western way, and so the attempt procedures be converted into a “real banks” will not change their approach. Without any improvement in the effectiveness of state institutions, the actors in the private sector will continue to rely primarily on cash. And that the entire current system corned change inevitably will prove that it was a false target.
Of course, none of the above is an indication that the reserve system will be optimized in the advanced economies hundred percent. The key point is that this system may be the only effective system in a country like Iraq. The advantage of this system lies not in improving the business cycle, as is the case in the city virtuous monetary policy proposed by the Austrian Huerta de Soto started, but the protection of private wealth in unstable environments to a large extent, and often lawless.
Sources
1. Look at the book Harto de Soto, 2006, the Chapter IX Part I, to review useful to this literature.
2. Look at the previous report writer in Altgariralaracah of the Institute for Regional and International Studies (IIR), (D Weaver 2015), a study similar to the consequences of the disaster that occurred in the Kurdistan region of Iraq
3. Portions of this topic appeared in the subject posted on the site by the author about business news in Iraq on February 27 and March 5, 2014
4. It seems that such wholesalers do not exist in other markets. Guide does not appear on their presence in Dubai and the United Kingdom and the United States, Pakistan and India. See, for example (foundation 2003.50-15)
5. Unfortunately, this was the only annual report of the funds which have provided this information to convert the company. The proportions shown in the figure is not necessary to be a model for each of the listed companies or the sector in general.
Note: This translation according to the original article located at the source below, and the center is not responsible for the content, including titles and terms mentioned in the text.
the source:
[url=http://auis.edu.krd/iris/sites/default/files/IRIS Iraq Report IIR_Mark DeWeaver_Inside Iraq’s Cash Economy_2016_0.pdf]http://auis.edu.krd/iris/sites/default/files/IRIS%20Iraq%20Report%20IIR_Mark%20DeWeaver_Inside%20Iraq’s%20Cash%20Economy_2016_0.pdf[/url]
tlm724: In Iraq, the most effective means to control the money supply is through the exchange rate control, because the money mainly arise from the conversion of the Central Bank of dollars of state oil exports to the local currency.
If the central bank raised the Iraqi dinar against the US dollar, it will add an additional dinars per dollar purchased from the government. If the exchange rate has reduced the money supply growth rate will slow down.
Since the stability of the exchange rate is one of the main objectives of the Central Bank of Iraq, the use of the exchange rate for macroeconomic management was limited. In addition, the price of oil has become the main engine to display the Iraqi currency.
When the price of oil rises, it will be the Ministry of Finance more dollars to be transferred to the Iraqi dinar with the central bank. If the exchange rate stable and has not changed, the more Iraqi dinars must be provided for the purchase of which will lead to increased supply cash. Conversely, a fall in oil prices would have the opposite effect.
http://www.bondladyscorner.com/t167331-within-the-iraqi-financial-economics-banking-business-with-the-overall-provision-in-light-of-the-critical-dystopiashred
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Launch cross-radio mobile environmental campaign on the road to visitors of Imam Kadhim {p}
History of edits:: 5/2/2016 8:37
http://alforatnews.com/uploads/news/image/medium/story_img_5726e6aa8b329.jpg
{Baghdad} Euphrates News launched the Ministry of Health and the Environment, an environmental awareness through the “environmental mobile radio” along the route of the visitors of Imam Musa Bin Jaafar peace be upon him campaign.
According to a ministry statement, the agency {Euphrates News} received a copy of it, that ” the department has launched an environmental guidance campaign through mobile environmental radio along the route of the visitors towards the threshold of Kadhimiya holy to commemorate the martyrdom of Imam Musa Bin Jaafar {p}.”
He explained that ” guidelines include the provision of environmental and health required instruction in such crowds millions blessed such as conservation hygiene and lack of water, food and medicinal use and encourage follow the correct environmental instructions and maintain green spaces scattered on the road to the Holy threshold wastage. ”
He added that” outreach department of environmental and media teams are to Besides mobile radio distributing pamphlets and Folders include many environmental instructions and ways of dealing with waste generated from services provided by processions service deployed on the road to visitors, “adding that” the previous campaign carried out by the environmental awareness and the commandments of good reference teams contributed to the success of the service plans to visit the millions . ” .
and Ofatt statement that “environmental awareness and information department at the Ministry of Health and environment launched a mobile environmental radio service to be part of the department ‘s efforts in their work to raise environmental level between various segments of society , ” .anthy
http://alforatnews.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=115666
Bondlady: the reason why I posted this article…was it reminded me of somethings back about 5-7 yrs ago I had been posting about… before…when all the gurus were proclaiming it had or was about to rv…
we talked about how the common people which makes up about 25-30 millon people who couldn’t read or write to read papers or whatever,
most didnt even have electric or water much less a tv or radio to be informed by, so the gov did many things to try and inform the people with flyers and news broadcast, how the gov had put up big screen TV’s, giant screens, like the old drive in movies many of us got to go to back n the day…
these were put up to inform the people of things they needed to know lots had to do with there smart cards or banking and how to fill out forms and or apply for things and medical all sorts of things including the money and any thing changing per that, all things I posted on and talked about back then…
so I post this to show u just how far theve come in being able to inform the people of all things they need to know…radio stations, and now mobile phone apps as well as for all there banking needs and bill paying, and medical assistance, as well as loud speakers and TV’s in the streets to assist these millions of people who will be in Iraq for these celebrations …holidays..
before the poor people only could know news of things , from a person who could read or write or would hear things from a cleric or trusted friend or elder…Iraq has truly come a long long way even if its only been about 7 or so yrs with all the new state of the art technologies they have as well as cameras all over to record ev thing as well as for security…
im just trying to show even tho we can barely see them moving forward, they still are they are a slow people and it sure is takeing longer than the gurus ever knew because they didn’t study these peoples culture and what makes them do and say what they do or there behaviors, and how long it takes them to accept change as they are very paranoid of each other because theres never been for 100;s of yrs very much trust..BL
RCS1947: Good point…thanks Bondlady!
[SHREDD] well said
[tlm724] indeed, she is so smart, her years of studying weren’t in vain
http://www.bondladyscorner.com/t167312-launch-cross-radio-mobile-environmental-campaign-on-the-road-to-visitors-of-imam-kadhim-p
